UNIDAD 69
CONJUNCIONES I
AND: su función es
unir dos cosas, personas u oraciones. También sirve para agregar información a
lo ya expuesto.
John and Mary played golf. John y Mary jugaron golf.
I bought a bottle of wine and a magazine. Compré
una botella de vino y una revista.
AS IF: describe cómo
una situación parece ser.
I was acting as if I were drunk.
Yo estaba actuando como si estuviera
borracho.
It looks as if it’s going to rain again. Parece
como si fuera a llover de nuevo.
THOUGH: cuando se
ubica al final de una oración tiene un significado similar a however.
I liked your letter. I didn’t fully understand it, though. Me gustó
tu carta. Sin embargo no la entendí completamente.
My new bike is really fast. I don’t like the colour, though. Mi nueva
bicicleta es realmente rápida. Sin embargo no me gusta el color.
BECAUSE: expresa una razón para una situación
particular.
She’s hungry because she didn’t have breakfast. Tiene
hambre porque no tomó desayuno.
We didn’t go to the museum because it was raining. No fuimos
al museo porque estaba lloviendo.
UNLIKE: a diferencia de.
Unlike Sarah, Paul is very shy.
A diferencia de Sarah, Paul es muy
tímido.
Unlike English, Spanish is a phonetic language. A
diferencia del inglés, el español es un idioma fonético.
Ejercicio 1
Completar con and, as if, though,
because o unlike según
corresponda.
1 We stayed at home ……. watched TV.
2 Tom ……. Kate speak French.
3 Paul behaves ……. he were my husband.
4 It seems ……. they’re no longer in love.
5 ……. Sarah, who is going to hell, she can go to heaven.
6 He doesn’t like her ……. she doesn’t like him.
7 He closed the window ……. turned on the TV.
8 My brother is interested in crime ……. criminals.
9 I don’t like him ……. he isn’t honest.
10
I closed the window
……. it was cold.
11
He looks ……. he were
sick.
12
She didn’t pass the
exam. She studied hard, ……..
13
She didn’t go to work
……. she was ill.
14
I like Susan ……. she
is friendly.
15
He jumped around …….
he were a frog.
16
He is a terrible
dancer. He sings well, ……..
17
His analysis is
remarkable. I’d like to add a comment, ……..
18
I lost my job ……. I
was often late.
19
He didn’t call her …….
he is shy.
20
He couldn’t buy any
Christmas presents ……. he didn’t have any money.
21
I’ll be late today …….
my car has broken down.
22
She kept on reading
……. I weren’t there.
23
……. many websites,
this one is updated regularly.
24
……. many books on this
subject, this one is full of practical examples.
WHEREAS: expresa
contraste y comparación.
He is young whereas I’m old.
Él es joven mientras que yo soy viejo.
Paul is tall whereas Tom is short.
Paul es alto mientras que Tom es chico.
THEREFORE: por esa razón.
I was hungry, therefore I ate all the cake. Tenía
hambre, por lo tanto me comí toda la torta.
Our son was ill, therefore we didn’t go on vacation. Nuestro
hijo estaba enfermo, por lo tanto no fuimos de vacaciones.
IN ORDER TO: con el
propósito de.
He took the job in order to earn more money. Él tomó
el trabajo con el fin de ganar más dinero.
They need a computer in order to work more efficiently. Ellos
necesitan un computador con el fin de trabajar más eficientemente.
UNLESS: expresa una
condición del tipo si...no.
She can’t see unless she is wearing glasses. Ella no
puede ver a menos que use lentes.
I won’t tell you my secret unless you tell me yours. No te
diré mi secreto a menos que tú me digas el tuyo.
OR: conecta diferentes posibilidades.
She wonders if he is good or evil.
Ella se pregunta si él es bueno o malo.
Give me your money or I’ll hit you.
Dame tu dinero o te golpearé.
Ejercicio 2
Completar con whereas, therefore,
in order to, unless u or según
corresponda.
1 They were frightened and ……. decided to run away.
2 You can get there by bus ……. on foot.
3 I’d probably feel lost in a big city, ……. here people know your name.
4 In my country 70 per cent of men are employed, ……. only 40 per cent of
women have jobs.
5 Tom is good at tennis ……. Jim is good at football.
6 John is short ……. Mary is tall.
7 She studied English ……. work abroad.
8 I was nervous, ……. I couldn’t do my best.
9 You’ll finish late ……. you start work at once.
10
Don’t interrupt the
meeting ……. it’s an emergency.
11
He owned a great
fortune, ……. he could buy the most luxurious dwelling.
12
Would you like fish
……. chicken for lunch?
13
She does gymnastics
……. keep fit.
14
Do you want tea …….
coffee?
15
He has valuable information
to give us, ……., we must find him.
16
She left the party
quietly ……. have to say goodbye. (negativa)
17
Your future is very
important, ……. think carefully what you want.
18
Stress can be the
cause of many health problems, ……. it’s important to try to be relaxed.
19
I participate in
social activities ……. meet new people.
20
The guidelines mean
absolutely nothing ……. they are implemented.
21
I’ll pick you up at
5.00 ……. it rains.
22
Is your father young
……. old?
IN FACT: refuerza una
idea previamente expuesta.
He isn’t very sick, in fact he isn’t sick at all. Él no
está muy enfermo, de hecho no está para nada enfermo.
I’m not a family man, in fact I have never been married. No soy un
hombre de familia, de hecho nunca he estado casado.
BUT: expresa contraste
o diferencia entre dos términos.
She doesn’t smoke but all her friends do. Ella no
fuma pero todos sus amigos sí.
She lives in London but her parents don’t. Ella vive
en Londres pero sus padres no.
SO THAT: expresa propósito.
I stayed at the hotel so that I could see you. Me quedé
en el hotel para así poder verte.
I gave her my phone number so that she could contact me. Le di mi
número de teléfono para que pudiera llamarme.
IF/WHETHER: ambos
términos son intercambiables en preguntas indirectas o en expresiones de duda.
She asked if/whether you spoke German. Ella
preguntó si tú hablabas alemán.
We wanted to know if/whether they were at home. Queríamos
saber si ellos estaban en casa.
AS A RESULT OF: como resultado de.
He lost his leg as a result of the accident. Él perdió
su pierna como resultado del accidente.
Will there be benefits for people as a result of this research? ¿Habrá
beneficios para la gente como resultado de esta investigación?
Ejercicio 3
Completar con in fact, but, so
that, if/whether o as a result of
según corresponda.
1 I have nothing against my neighbours, ……. some of them are my best
friends.
2 I wonder ……. you could help me move this box.
3 The two propositions are not mutually exclusive, ……. they complement
each other very well.
4 It’s not easy for me to explain this subject ……. I don’t know too much
about it.
5 It was believed that ……. those rites, the protective goddess would be
satisfied.
6 He has trouble making friends, ……. he isn’t sure what friendship is.
7 It isn’t important to be right all the time, ……. it isn’t humanly
possible.
8 I like coffee ……. I don’t like tea.
9 They’ve got a car ……. they don’t use it.
10
Joe is trying to save
a lot of money ……. he can buy a new car.
11
Yesterday she felt ill
……. she is better today.
12
He stayed at work
until midnight ……. he could complete the report.
13
He’ll travel to
Australia ……. he can perfect his English.
14
I’d like to know …….
it is true.
15
John is Canadian …….
Sally is French.
16
Do you know ……. Anne
drinks alcohol?
17
It’s a nice house …….
it hasn’t got a garden.
18
……. the popularity of
this product the company’s position in the market is improving rapidly.
19
Many civil servants
will lose their jobs ……. government actions.
20
I can’t remember ……. I
locked the door this morning.
NEITHER...NOR: niega
las alternativas que son presentadas.
He’s neither a student nor a teacher. Él no es
ni estudiante ni profesor.
She speaks neither Spanish nor English. Ella no
habla ni español ni inglés.
THEN: luego; a
continuación; después de.
He thought for a moment, then he answered. Él pensó
por un momento, luego respondió.
First finish your work and then you can go out. Primero
termina tu trabajo y luego puedes salir.
NEVERTHELESS: a pesar
de lo que se ha dicho.
It rained all day, nevertheless, we had a good time. Llovió
todo el día, no obstante, la pasamos bien.
The train was late, nevertheless, I got to work on time. El tren
estaba atrasado, no obstante, llegué al trabajo a tiempo.
BECAUSE OF: se refiere
a un impedimento para hacer algo o para que algo suceda.
We couldn’t see anything because of the mist. No
pudimos ver nada debido a la niebla.
She couldn’t complete the work because of her illness. No pudo
completar el trabajo debido a su enfermedad.
EVEN IF: indica que
aunque algo ocurriera, la situación no cambiará.
We go to work on foot, even if the weather is bad. Vamos al
trabajo a pie, aun si el tiempo está malo.
Jim won’t sell his car, even if you offer him a good price. Jim no
venderá su auto, aun si le ofreces un buen precio.
INSTEAD (OF): en lugar
de alguien o algo más.
I don’t eat rice at night. Instead I eat bread. No como
arroz en la noche. En vez de eso como pan.
Tom went home instead of attending the meeting. Tom se fue a la casa en vez de asistir a la reunión.
Ejercicio 4
Completar con neither...nor, then,
nevertheless, because of, even if o instead
según corresponda.
1 The baby can ……. walk ……. talk.
2 He got off the plane and ……. took a taxi to the centre of the city.
3 He was ……. young ……. old.
4 ……. Tom ……. John could run.
5 Do you want to go to the beach? No, I’ll stay in ……..
6 She left her husband and lived with her boss ……..
7 ……. she ……. her parents were at home.
8 Yesterday I got up at 10 and ……. I had a shower.
9 The three boys couldn’t be more different, ……. all of them have the same
problem.
10
One of his friends
have died, ……. he doesn’t want to cancel the meeting.
11
He was unable to run
……. a leg injury.
12
Walk to the corner,
……. turn right.
13
……. the storm he
couldn’t come.
14
You have to keep
studying English, ……. you are on holiday.
15
First I get dressed,
……. I feed the cat and finally I did the dishes.
16
The concert will take
place, ……. it rains.
17
He ……. came …….
phoned.
18
I worked as a manager
for ten years and ……. I retired.
19
We go running every
day, ……. the weather is bad.
20
I didn’t know how to
prepare this soup, ……., I tried to do it.
21
Why didn’t you listen
to your teacher ……. disturbing others?
22
Last night I watched a
movie on TV ……. studying.
23
We won’t be able to go
out ……. the weather.
24
Why don’t you work in
Europe ……. China?
25
The concert was
cancelled, so we went to the cinema ……..
UNIDAD 70
CONJUNCIONES II
BOTH...AND: une dos
palabras o frases al mismo tiempo que pone énfasis en los dos elementos que
une.
Both John and Sue have been to France. Tanto
John como Sue han estado en Francia.
The ceremony was both long and tedious. La
ceremonia fue tanto larga como aburrida.
SUCH AS: se utiliza
para introducir ejemplos.
Sports such as rugby and football are incredibly popular. Deportes
tales como el rugby y el fútbol son increíblemente populares.
He has visited several Asian countries such as India and China. Él ha
visitado varios países asiáticos tales como India y China.
ALTHOUGH: a pesar del
hecho que.
Although it’s true, I can’t believe it. Aunque es
verdad, no puedo creerlo.
Although he has lost a lot of blood, he is still alive. Aunque ha
perdido mucha sangre, aún está vivo.
AS LONG AS: expresa
una condición.
I’ll sign the contract as long as you give me the money. Firmaré
el contrato con tal de que me des el dinero.
I can write in French, as long as I have a good dictionary. Puedo
escribir en francés, siempre que tenga un buen diccionario.
AS WELL AS: expresa adición.
They offer English courses as well as other activities. Ellos
ofrecen cursos de inglés como también otras actividades.
In our forum you can vote as well as express your opinion. En
nuestro foro puedes votar como también expresar tu opinión.
Ejercicio 1
Completar con both...and, such as,
although, as long as o as well as
según corresponda.
1 There are ……. good ……. bad newspapers.
2 I like ……. coffee ……. tea.
3 The website has information for students ……. for teachers.
4 You can take my dress ……. you are careful with it.
5 Tom speak ……. English ……. German.
6 ……. my sister ……. I know how to bake bread.
7 I like animals ……. lions and tigers.